By Fortress Europe (01/2009)

SEBHA – “With us, in the truck, there was a four years old child, with his mother. We were crammed like animals inside the lorry, with no air and no space to move. I wondered how a child could be put in these conditions. Inside the container it was very hot. The travel took 21 hours, from 4 pm to 1 pm the following day. They didn’t give us anything to eat. People urinated one in front of the others. When the drivers stopped to eat, we put the child near to the narrow windows of the container. His name was Adam. Finally we arrived in Kufrah. When I got out I stole some bread which was hung outside the container. We had not eaten since the previous day. We were 110 persons. Including Adam four years old and his mother”. [1]

Menghistu is not the only one who have been locked inside a container and deported. In Libya is quite normal. Containers are used to sort migrants arrested on their way to Europe, to the different detention camps. There are three kinds of container. The smallest one is a pick-up car. The medium is the equivalent of a mini van. While the biggest is a real container, blue color, with three small windows on each side, pulled by an articulated lorry. The first time I heard about migrants deported inside the containers, it was in the spring of 2006, during an interview with an Eritrean refugee in Italy. At that time I didn’t want to believe him. The images of hundreds of men, women and children locked inside an iron box in order to be concentrated in a detention camp, without having committed any crime, and then deported, reminded me the ghosts of the Second World War. It was too harsh to be true. But the image of the containers came again, as a prove of authenticity, in all the stories of refugees passed through Libya I met. Until I was able to see those containers with my own eyes.

Sebha is the capital of the historic region of Fezzan. We are at the gates of the great Libyan desert. Until the last century, this city has been an important transit point for the caravans which crossed the Sahara. Today the caravans have been replaced with migrants. Colonel Zarruq is the director of the new detention center in the city. It was inaugurated last August 20, 2008. Behind the wall there are three buildings, where can be detained up to 1,000 people. In the dirty parking, I see an articulated lorry with a container. The director shows me the tractor. An Iveco Trakker 420, six wheels. The mileometer indicates 41,377 km. It’s quite new. Zarruq says the truck arrived the previous night from Qatrun, four hours of desert from here. On board there were 100 prisoners, arrested at the border with Niger. We enter inside the container, from the rear stairs. The atmosphere is quite claustrophobic, even without anyone. It’s hard to imagine what could it be with 100 or 200 people piled it this iron box. The sunlight rays filtered by the dust, illuminates the empty plastic jerry cans, on the floor, under the iron benches. Over one of them there is written Gambia.

Water is the essential baggage for migrants who cross the desert. Before leaving, everyone takes one or two cans with him. Jute can help to protect the water from the heat of the sun. The important is to write his name on it, to recognize it. Crossings the Sahara is very dangerous. The truck can have a problem to the engine, the driver can loose the way, or simply decide to leave all the passengers and go back with their money. And there are also the threat of the armed gangs which attack and rob migrants cars in Niger and Algeria. Within hundreds of miles there is nothing else then sand. Dozens of people died every month, even if the news hardly arrives. Just on the international press, we found the evidence of some 1,677 migrants died crossing the Sahara. But according to the witnesses of survivors, every trip counts its dead.

Among the last hundred migrants brought to Sebha with the container, there is also a family from Sikasso in Mali. Father, mother and child. They have been arrested three days earlier, in Ghat, along the Algerian border. I meet them in the Director office. The child is eight years old, he was attending the third class before to leave. His father embrace him among his strong arms. He speaks Arabic, and says they were not headed for Europe. Their destination was Sebha, because here he had already worked in 2002, with a German company. They carry their passports with them, but without the Libyan entry visa. In the detention camp, they are locked in separate cells. The child stays with his mother. Their names are on the list of the next aircraft ready to leave. In the first eleven months of 2008, more than 9,000 migrants have been deported from Sebha, mainly to Nigeria, Mali, Niger, Ghana, Senegal and Burkina Faso. Just in November, 1,120 people were repatriated from here. Zarruq shows me the list of flights: 467 Nigerians deported on 2 September, 420 Malians in mid-November. The embassies cooperate sending here their officials to identify the detainees. Kabbiun and Ajouas have already met the Nigerian embassy. Kabbiun is barefoot. He lost his shoes in the desert, after he was arrested in Ghat. Ajouas instead had been living in Tripoli for six years before being arrested. None of them saw a judge or a lawyer. Their detention is not validated by a Court, and it’s neither possibile to make an appeal, nor to apply for political asylum.

It is the case of Patrick. He comes from the Democratic Republic of Congo, where the war has recently exploded again, in Kivu. He was arrested a month ago in Tripoli, while he was looking for a daily job on the roads near Suq Thalatha. We can talk freely in French, because the interpreter can’t speak it. He shows me a sheet from his pocket. It's his asylum seeker certificate. Issued by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (Unhcr) in Tripoli, on 9 October 2007. Yes, Patrick applied for asylum and now he’s waiting to be deported. Like the other detainees, actually Patrick has no right to call outside, not even the Unhcr. If he will not find the money to corrupt some policeman, sooner or later, he will be deported. And like him, his cellmates. They are kept in 12 rooms, 8 per 8 meters. Detainees sleep on the ground, there’s no mattress. The light comes from a large windows on the top of the high walls. Each room is filled with 60-70 people. They are closed all the day. They are allowed to exit only for meals, in a room used as a canteen.

The deportation flights are operated by Libyan companies: Ifriqiya and Buraq Air. All the operations are paid by the Libyan government, says the director Zarruq. But it is hard to believe him. After all, in December 2004 the European Commission already spoke about 47 return flights from Libya funded by Italy. Zarruq insists. According to him, Roma sent only two jeeps for patrol, inside the project Across Sahara. Also the new detention centre has not be funded by Italy – he says – even if Roma were committed to do it in a first time. However, the old facilities has been restored and expanded. And many migrants repatriated in Niger say they were forced to hard labor to build it. And they also say many people were left in the desert, along the border, and abandoned there during the deportations. It was the time of “voluntary returns”, in 2004, when more then 18,000 migrants were loaded in the trucks and left in the desert, with several accidents happened and dozens of victims. Zarruq doesn’t want to talk about it. Today all the repatriation are done by airplane, he simply says.

The lieutenant Ghrera also doesn’t want to remind that time. He is the responsible for patrols in the Libyan Sahara. Italy and Europe promised to fund an electronic control system for the Libyan southern border, which will be produced by the Italian company Finmeccanica. He smiles. He has been working in the desert for the past 35 years. He knows well his field. He brought us to Zellaf, 20 km south of Sebha, to give us an idea. We are not yet in the great Sahara. Even though we can’t see anything else that sand. The two jeeps, after a drive on the dunes at one hundred km per hour, switch off the engine. Ghrera and the other driver, 'Ali, wash their hands in the sand. And kneel to the east. They come to us after the prayer. Patrolling the Sahara is impossible, Ghrera says. Libya has 5,000 kilometers of land border in the desert. A terrain too large and too rugged. The 89 smugglers – almost all Libyans – arrested in the first eleven months of 2008 are nothing compared to the thousands of people who cross the Sahara each year. The patrols are done by groups of 10 cars on a five days basis. Then he smiles. He found an empty bottle of gin, in the sand. Alcohol is illegal in Libya. Actually the bottle says “made in Niger”. Ghrera throws it not far in the sand. He doesn’t say anything. The smugglers don’t work only with migrants. There are alcohol, cigarettes, drugs, weapons. Before switching on again the engine, he insists on the point: even doubling the patrols, the desert will remains an open door.

The migrants’ detention center of Sebha is not the only one in the south. There are at least another five camps. Those of Shati, Qatrun, Ghat and Brak, in the south west of the country, are used to collect migrants arrested at the border with Algeria and Niger, waiting to send them to Sebha. The other center is located 800 km south east from Sebha, in the city of Kufrah. Here are held Eritreans and Ethiopians refugees entered from Sudan. This prison has the worst reputation not only among migrants, but even among Libyans.

Mohamed Tarnish is the president of the Organization for Human Rights, a Libyan NGO funded by the Foundation of Saif al Islam Qaddafi, the firstborn of the Colonel. We meet him at Sarayah Coffee, near the Green Square, in Tripoli. Since several years, this organization has been fighting for the improvement of the conditions of the Libyan prisons and has made the government release more than 1,000 Libyan political prisoners. From 2006, the Ngo got the access to some of the detention centers for immigrants. They have visited seven of them. Tarnish can’t speak freely because with us there is an official from the Foreign media office of the Libyan government. Anyway he makes us understand that the center in Kufrah is actually the worst one: old facilities, very overcrowded, without any health care and with a very bad quality of food.

To understand what Tarnish exactly means, I reread again the interviews made to the Eritreans and Ethiopians refugees in 2007. “We were 78 people in a cell 6 per 8 meters” – “We slept on the floor, the head near the neighbors’ feet”- “We were so hungry. A plate of rice could be shared by eight people”- “In the night police brought me in the courtyard. They asked me to do push up. But when I wasn’t able to go on, they start kicking me and cursing me and my Christian religion”- “We shared one bathroom in 60 people, so that in the cell there was a permanent bad smell. It was impossible to wash ourselves”- “There were lice and fleas everywhere in the mattress, in the clothes, in the hair”-“Sometimes police entered the room, took a woman and raped her in front of the group”. It is the portrait of the hell. But also a place for business. Yes, because since a couple of years, police has started selling the detainees to the smugglers who will take them to the Mediterranean. The price for a man is around 30 libyan dinars, about 18 euros.

I was not allowed to visit the center of Kufrah and I have not been able to verify personally its conditions. However, the fact that all the refugees I spoke with in the last three years told me about a place of abuses, violence and tortures, makes me think that everything is true. In 2004 the European Commission reported that Italy was funding the building of a detention center in Kufrah. In 2007, Prodi government denied it, saying that Italy was financing just a health care center. Actually it doesn’t make such a big difference. The point is another one. Since 2003, Italy and the European Union are cooperating with Libya to fight migration. Now, the question is: why does everybody pretend they do not know what African migrants are suffering there?

In 2005, the former director of the Italian secret service (SISDe), Prefect Mario Mori, informed the Italian Parliament: “Undocumented migrants in Libya are caught like dogs” and put in centers so overcrowded that “policemen must wear a dust mask on the mouth because of the nauseating odors”. But at the Ministry of Interior they already knew it. Actually since 2004 the Italian police is training their Libyan colleagues in fighting immigration. And some high officials of the Ministry of Interior, have visited different times the detention centers in Libya, including that in Kufrah. But the silence was imposed over the reality. The same hypocrisy has been shown by the European Union. In a report of 2004, the European Commission defined the conditions of detention camps in Libya “difficult” but at the end “acceptable in the light of the general context”. Three years later, in May 2007, a delegation of Frontex visited the south of Libya, including the prison of Kufrah, to lay the foundations for a future cooperation. Try to guess what they wrote: “We appreciated both the diversity as the vastness of the desert”. Not a single word instead about the conditions of the prisoners. An oversight?

[1] Witnesses collected by the school of Italian Asinitas, Rome, 2007